Method and apparatus for locating passive integrated transponder tags

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for locating an embedded passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag is provided. An embodiment of the locating apparatus includes a resonator capable of electromagnetically coupling to the PIT tag, and a feedback circuit connected to the resonator and configured to monitor a load conductance of the resonator. A distance between the resonator and the PIT tag is indicated by a change in the monitored load conductance when the resonator and the PIT tag are electromagnetically coupled. Another embodiment includes a resonator capable of stimulating a response signal from a PIT tag, and a processing circuit capable of calculating the distance between the resonator and the PIT tag based on the amplitude of the response signal.

PRIORITY AND INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/642,217, filed on Mar. 9, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/371,048, filed on Feb. 13, 2009, now U.S.Pat. No. 8,973,584, which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety. Any and all applications for which a foreign or domesticpriority claim is identified in the Application Data Sheet as filed withthe present application are hereby incorporated by reference under 37CFR 1.57.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates generally to location devices and morespecifically to methods and apparatus used to locate passive integratedtransponder tags (hereinafter “PIT tags”).

Location devices, such as metal detectors and radio frequencytransponder locators for tracking objects or specimens such as animalsare known in the art. However, these devices have drawbacks that makethem unsuitable for some tasks. For example, radio frequency transpondertags are intended for location and tracking of objects or animals atcomparatively long range, and not for close-range location of smallobjects with great precision. Metal detectors react to any substantialamount of metal found within an object, and therefore do notdifferentiate between PIT tags and metal objects, or multiple devicesembedded in a single object. They are also incapable of the precisionrequired for certain applications. Thus, when it is necessary toidentify a location of a single embedded device to within a fewmillimeters, and/or it is desirable to differentiate between multipleimplanted devices, PIT tags are preferred.

PIT tags have been used for many years to identify specimens, includinglivestock, domestic pets, birds, fish, and other marine animals forvarious management and/or research purposes. Each PIT tag generallyincludes a small ferrite-cored coil attached to a microchip. Themicrochip has a capacitor that causes the coil to resonate at apredetermined frequency when energized and circuitry to generate andtransmit a coded identification number or message in response to areceived interrogation signal which energizes the coil. PIT tags do notcontain an internal energy source. Instead, energy needed to transmitthe coded identification number is obtained through electromagneticcoupling, which causes a transfer of energy from a powered device to thePIT tag. Typically, the PIT tag is enclosed in a glass covering orenvelope about 2 mm in diameter and about 11 mm in length, althoughother packaging is possible. PIT tags are usually injected up to a fewcentimeters below the outer surface of an object or the specimen's skinusing a hypodermic syringe, but other methods of attachment, for exampleear tags, are also known.

Protocols for a PIT tag interrogation and messaging system include thosedefined by International Standards Organization (ISO) standards 11784and 11785, and other protocols that have been introduced by variousmanufacturers. PIT tags may be either half-duplex (HDX) or full-duplex(FDX). An HDX PIT tag receives a pulsed interrogation signal from a “PITtag reader” and then responds with a coded identification number. An FDXPIT tag continuously transmits a coded identification number whilereceiving an interrogation signal, which may be either pulsed orcontinuous. PIT tags are typically read at close range, generally wellunder 1 meter, and often less than a few centimeters.

In many applications, the embedded PIT tags remain in position for thelife of the specimen or object and are treated as disposable items. Oneknown limitation of PIT tag readers, which are devices that are capableof receiving the coded identification number transmitted by the PIT tagand displaying the number, is that the readers cannot accuratelydetermine the position of the PIT tag after it has been embedded withinan object or specimen. However, in certain situations it is beneficialto be able to accurately determine the location of the PIT tag in termsof the depth of the PIT tag relative to the object's surface and/or thelocation on the surface of the object below which the PIT tag isembedded. For example, knowing the exact position of a PIT tag ishelpful to reduce damage to an object or specimen if it is necessary toremove the PIT tag from the object or specimen. Knowledge of a PIT tag'sposition is also beneficial if the location of the PIT tag is used as amarker for some other device having the PIT tag attached or adjacentthereto and which is also disposed in the object or specimen. Thus,there is a need for a PIT tag locating device that is able to determinethe position and depth of a PIT tag that has been embedded in an objector specimen in addition to receiving a coded identification numbertransmitted by the PIT tag.

SUMMARY

A locating apparatus for locating a passive integrated transponder (PIT)tag responds to the above-identified need for improved PIT tag locating.The locating apparatus allows a user to pass a device over the outersurface of an object or the skin of a specimen to locate an embedded PITtag with improved precision relative to conventional techniques. Theimproved precision reduces the need for guesswork and/or exploratorycutting by the device user to locate the PIT tag.

In one embodiment of the invention, an apparatus for locating anembedded passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag is provided. Thelocating apparatus includes a resonator capable of electromagneticallycoupling to the PIT tag, and a feedback circuit connected to theresonator and configured to monitor a load conductance of the resonator.A distance D between the resonator and the PIT tag is indicated by achange in the monitored load conductance when the resonator and the PITtag are electromagnetically coupled.

In another embodiment, an apparatus for locating an embedded PIT tagincludes a resonator capable of electromagnetically coupling to the PITtag and outputting an interrogating signal. The locating apparatus alsohas a drive circuit configured to drive said resonator to stimulate aresponse signal from the PIT tag, the response signal being superimposedover the interrogating signal in the resonator. Also included are ademodulator configured to demodulate the combined interrogating signaland response signal output from the resonator, and a bandpass amplifierconfigured to receive an output of the demodulator and isolate andamplify the response signal. Finally, the locating apparatus includes apeak detector configured to measure at least an amplitude of theamplified response signal, where the amplitude is a function of adistance D between the resonator and the PIT tag.

A method for locating a PIT tag embedded in an object includes steps ofproviding an energized locating apparatus having a search coil and anindicator, and placing said search coil directly adjacent to an outersurface of the object such that the search coil electromagneticallycouples to and identifies the PIT tag. Once the search coil and the PITtag are electromagnetically coupled, the apparatus displays anindication value that indicates a distance between the search coil andthe PIT tag. The search coil is then repositioned on the outer surfaceof the object to obtain a new indication value until the indicationvalue reaches a maximum. The indicator displays a maximum indicationvalue when the distance between the search coil and the PIT tag is at aminimum.

The foregoing and other advantages of the invention will become apparentto those of reasonable skill in the art from the following detaileddescription as considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a side view of a locating system;

FIG. 1B is an overhead plan view of the PIT tag locating apparatus ofthe locating system of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary circuit used in the PIT taglocating apparatus of FIG. 1B;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of another exemplary circuit used in the PITtag locating apparatus of FIG. 1B;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an audio indicator circuit for use with thecircuits shown in FIGS. 2 and 3;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an audiovisual indicator circuit for usewith the circuits shown in FIGS. 2 and 3;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a search probe for use with the PITtag locating apparatus of FIG. 1B;

FIG. 7A is an overhead plan view of another embodiment of a PIT taglocating apparatus including a rotatable search coil;

FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view of the rotatable search coil assemblyof FIG. 7A along the line 7-7;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an apparatus capable of locating a PIT tagand reading an associated tag identification number;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an apparatus for locating a PIT tag andcapable of switching frequencies to operate at frequencies of 125 kHzand 134.2 kHz; and

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method of using the PITtag locating apparatus of FIG. 1B.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following is a detailed description of certain embodiments of theinvention presently contemplated by the inventor to be the best mode ofcarrying out his invention.

Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags are useful for providing IDinformation about a particular PIT tag that is embedded in a body orspecimen. In the particular embodiments that are discussed hereinbelow,an actual physical location of a PIT tag within the object or specimencan be determined by using an apparatus for locating a PIT tag.Additionally, a coded identification number transmitted by the PIT tagcan optionally be read. In particular, an embodiment of the apparatususes electromagnetic coupling to change load conductance on anoscillator, which is measured and output to an accessory to provide anaudio and/or video indication to a user. In this manner, the user candetermine the position of the PIT tag embedded within the object orspecimen, including the depth of the PIT tag relative to the outersurface of the object. This improved locating apparatus reduces the needfor exploratory surgery or other locating methods to determine thelocation of the PIT tag within the object or under the skin of thespecimen. For simplicity, present embodiments of the invention willcontemplate a PIT tag implanted under a specimen's skin.

When a passive resonator, such as a PIT tag, is brought near a drivenresonator or oscillator, electromagnetic coupling causes a transfer ofenergy. The exact amount of energy transferred depends upon the resonantfrequencies of the two resonators (or resonator and oscillator), as wellas the distance between them and their relative orientation.

Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, a locating system is generallydesignated 10. The locating system includes a transponder, such as a PITtag 12, and a transceiver, such as a PIT tag locating apparatus 14. ThePIT tag 12 is configured to be implanted under the skin of a specimen16. The PIT tag 12 is further capable of transmitting a response signalwhen energized by an interrogating signal or electromagnetically coupledto a driven coil such as the coil in the locating apparatus 14.

An embodiment of the PIT tag locating apparatus 14 includes a processingand display unit 18 for analyzing data such as a load conductance on thelocating apparatus, strength of a signal emitted by the transponder, andoptionally encoded content of a message incorporated in this signal. Thelocating apparatus 14 also includes a search coil 20, which ispreferably annular or solenoidal in shape, attached to the processingand display unit 18. The search coil 20 can be driven at a pre-selectedfrequency substantially equal to the natural resonant frequency of a PITtag 12. The processing and display unit 18 is housed in a hand-held case22 that defines a display window 24. The display window 24 allows a userto view distance and/or PIT tag identification number information. ThePIT tag locating apparatus 14 measures a distance D between the searchcoil 20 and the PIT tag 12 when the search coil 20 is energized due toelectromagnetic coupling to the PIT tag 12.

The search coil 20 preferably has an outer diameter of approximately 30millimeters and an inner diameter of approximately 17 millimeters. Thesearch coil 20 may however be larger or smaller as appropriate to theexpected depth of the PIT tag 12 and the detection range required. Asindicated in FIG. 1B, which is a top view of the PIT tag locatingapparatus 14 of FIG. 1A, the search coil 20 may be moved laterally(i.e., in any of the directions indicated by the arrows L) over the skinof the specimen 16 at a small distance above the skin or at the surfacethereof to determine the lateral position of a PIT tag 12 implantedwithin the specimen. Once the lateral position of the PIT tag 12 isknown, the search coil 20 can be lowered to contact the skin of thespecimen 16 to determine the depth at which the PIT tag 12 wasimplanted, which is calculated by the processing and display unit 18based upon (i) the change in load conductance when there iselectromagnetic coupling between the locating apparatus 14 and the PITtag, or (ii) the strength of the transponded signal received from thePIT tag, and the depth can be viewed via the display window 24.

It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the measureddata displayed by the PIT tag locating apparatus 14 will depend upon thesize, shape, and orientation of the search coil 20 in relation to thePIT tag 12, as well as the distance D between the PIT tag and the searchcoil. For example, considering the magnetic flux distributionsurrounding the search coil 20, one skilled in the art can appreciatethat the maximum generated response for a PIT tag 12 that is orientedparallel to a center axis Z of the search coil will occur when thecenter of the search coil is directly over the center of the PIT tag. APIT tag 12 that is oriented obliquely relative to the center axis Z ofthe search coil 20 will generate a maximum response when the PIT tag isslightly off-center relative to the center axis Z of the search coil,and a horizontal PIT tag (i.e., a PIT tag oriented perpendicular to thecenter axis of the search coil) will generate two maxima of positions alittle to either side of center of the PIT tag, with lower values inbetween the two maxima. Thus, it should be noted that the effects oforientation, as well as other factors, limit the ability to obtain anexact measurement of the depth and lateral position of a PIT tag 12implanted in a specimen 16. However, measurements obtained using the PITtag locating apparatus 14 are generally accurate within a fewmillimeters both in lateral position and in depth.

It will also be apparent that a calibration procedure should beperformed in order to select suitable algorithms to correctly relate theoutput audio or visual display, for instance a range of tones, abar-graph or a numerical readout, to the distance D between the PIT tag12 and the search coil 20. It is contemplated that one or more sets ofcalibration data could be included to suit PIT tags of differentcharacteristics.

In most applications, the PIT tag 12 will be at least nearly parallel tothe center axis Z of the search coil 20. Thus, when the PIT tag locatingapparatus 14 indicates that distance between the PIT tag 12 and thesearch coil 20 is at a minimum (i.e., the lateral position of the PITtag is found), the locating apparatus will also indicate the approximatevertical placement of the PIT tag. In the embodiments shown anddescribed herein, the distance scale used for determining verticalplacement has been calibrated for vertical PIT tags, and will beslightly less accurate for oblique PIT tags that are offset relative tothe center axis Z of the search coil 20. For PIT tags 12 that areoriented perpendicular to the center axis Z of the search coil 20, adifferent scale is preferably implemented to take into account the dualmaxima when a determination of the vertical placement is desired.

Referring now to FIG. 2 a first example of a PIT tag locator circuit isgenerally designated 30. The PIT tag locator circuit 30 is used in atransceiver such as the PIT tag locating apparatus 14, and can be usedto locate transponders such as PIT tags 12 that have been implantedunder a specimen's skin. The PIT tag locator circuit 30 is formed by anoscillator 32 (shown in dashed lines) connected to a feedback circuit 34(shown in dashed lines). The oscillator 32 is made up of an inductor L1,two capacitors C1, C2, a transistor Q1, and a resistor R. A voltage Vccis applied to one end 36 of the inductor L1. Another end 38 of theinductor L1 is connected to a node M. Also connected to the node M are acollector 40 of the transistor Q1 and one end 42 of the capacitor C1.Another end 44 of the capacitor C1 and an emitter 46 of the transistorQ1 are connected to a node N, as are one end 48 of the capacitor C2 andone end 50 of the resistor R. A second end 52 of the capacitor C2 and asecond end 54 of the resistor R are grounded. (As used herein, the term‘ground’ refers to a common or reference node, which may or may not beconnected to main or building earth type grounds.) Bias current Ie,which flows across the resistor R, and a voltage VI at the node N arecontrolled by the feedback circuit 34.

The feedback circuit 34 has a peak detector 56, an error amplifier 58,and a low-pass filter 60. An input of the peak detector 56 is connectedto the node M. The output of the peak detector 56 is fed into the erroramplifier 58, which also receives a reference voltage as an input. Theoutput of the error amplifier 58 is fed into the low-pass filter 60, andthe output of the low-pass filter is connected to the base 62 of thetransistor Q1. The feedback circuit 34 keeps the oscillation amplitudeof the oscillator 32 substantially constant by changing its bias currentIe to compensate for a variation in load conductance.

Load conductance can increase, for example, when a resonant frequency ofa PIT tag 12 is equal to or at least near the resonant frequency of theoscillator 32, and the PIT tag is positioned close enough to the locatorcircuit 30 so as to electromagnetically couple with the inductor L1. Theinductor L1 serves as the search coil 20 in the locating apparatus 14 ofFIGS. 1A-1B, which may include the locator circuit 30. An increase inload conductance will cause an increase in output of the error amplifier58 and the low-pass filter 60, as well as an increase in the current Ieand the voltage VI. Furthermore, it should be understood that othervariations of the locator circuit 30 can be implemented, as is known tothose skilled in the art. An advantage of the locator circuit 30 is thatit is easily adapted to a dual or multiple frequency operation modeand/or to locating of both HDX and FDX PIT tags 12.

It will be apparent to one versed in the art that other oscillatorconfigurations and/or other active devices (for example, field effecttransistors) could be used in place of oscillator 32 without alteringthe scope or nature of the invention.

The oscillator 32 may or may not operate at a power level capable ofcausing the PIT tag 12 to transmit a message in a response signal. Themessage can include information such as a tag identification numberidentifying the PIT tag 12. However, since no response from the PIT tag12 is needed to locate the PIT tag by using locator circuit 30, theoscillator 32 may be driven by using a small amount of power. Drivingthe oscillator 32 at this reduced power level advantageously increasesbattery life and reduces potential interference with other electronicequipment.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a second example of a PIT tag locator circuitis generally designated 70. Locator circuit 70 is less susceptible toerror due to electromagnetic coupling to metal objects other than PITtags. Additionally, locator 70 is less affected by variations in loadconductance caused by temperature changes in the inductor. The locationrange of locator circuit 70 is also larger than that of locator circuit30. In this example, a microcontroller 72 uses a crystal 74 to generatea drive frequency that is selected to match the resonance frequency of aPIT tag 12. Further, it is contemplated that PIT tags of differentresonant frequencies could be used with different selected drivefrequencies to detect multiple embedded PIT tags. The output of themicrocontroller 72 is provided as an input to a drive circuit 76, whichdrives a resonator 78 (shown in dashed lines) formed by a capacitor C1and an inductor L1 at a power level sufficient to excite a response fromthe PIT tag 12. The output of the drive circuit 76 is connected to oneend 80 of the capacitor C1. A second end 82 of the capacitor C1 isconnected to one end 84 of the inductor L1 and an input of a demodulator86. Another end 88 of the inductor L1 is grounded. The output of thedemodulator 86 is fed into a bandpass amplifier 90. The output of thebandpass amplifier 90, designated V2, is fed into an analog peakdetector 92. The output of the peak detector 92 is designated V3. Itshould be noted that while a free-running oscillator is alsocontemplated for use with the present locator circuit 70, the describedcrystal-controlled drive frequency locator circuit is preferred becauseit provides an improved signal-to-noise ratio. It will also be apparentto one versed in the art that a drive circuit could function without theaid of the microcontroller 72. However, in some locator apparatuses, themicrocontroller 72 may also be used to analyze the signals V2 and V3,and to control audio and/or visual display devices, as discussed hereinin relation to the examples shown in FIGS. 5, 8 and 9.

When the resonator 78 in the locator circuit 70 is driven at asufficient power, a signal, such as an interrogating signal, is outputvia the inductor L1. In response to the interrogating signal, a PIT tag12 that is electromagnetically coupled with the resonator 78 transmits aresponse signal, which includes a message. When received by the locatorcircuit 70, the response signal is superimposed over the interrogatingsignal, which is held in the resonator 78. The demodulator 86 isconfigured to demodulate the signal held in the resonator 78. For PITtags conforming to the ISO standard with a resonance frequency of 134.2kHz, the demodulated response signal has a frequency of approximately4.2 kHz.

Next, the response signal is separated from other components of thedemodulator output by using the band-pass amplifier 90, and the responsesignal V2 is output to the peak detector 92. An amplitude peak value V3is extracted from the demodulated response signal using the peakdetector 92. Alternatively, the amplitude peak value can be determinedfrom the output signal V2. Regardless of which of the output signals V2and V3 is used, the peak amplitude can be calculated. The peak amplitudeis related to the distance D between the inductor L 1, which functionsas the search coil 20 in a locating apparatus 14 that includes thelocator circuit 70, and a PIT tag 12 that is electromagnetically coupledwith the resonator 78. It is contemplated that a tag ID number can beincluded in the message to identify the PIT tag 12. The message canoptionally be extracted and analyzed and the tag number determined usingthe signal V2.

FIG. 4 shows an example of an audio indicator 100 that can beimplemented with either of the above-described locator circuits 30, 70to indicate the proximity of a PIT tag 12. Using the audio indicator100, the voltage output from the first or second examples (i.e., V1 orV3) is input into a voltage-to-frequency converter 102. Thevoltage-to-frequency converter 102 converts the provided voltage into afrequency that will produce an audible tone. The frequency produced bythe voltage-to-frequency converter 102 increases as the distance betweenthe inductor L1 and the PIT tag decreases. Thus, the audible tone canalso be configured to increase in pitch to provide feedback to the useras the distance decreases between the search coil 20 and the PIT tag 12.In particular, the frequency, and thus the pitch of the audible tone,will be at a maximum when the PIT tag 12 is directly below the centeraxis Z of the inductor L 1.

FIG. 4 further shows the output of the voltage-to-frequency converter102 being fed into an amplifier 104, and then into a loudspeaker orheadphone 106 to provide the audible tone. Advantageously, the lateralposition of the PIT tag 12 (i.e., the position directly above where thePIT tag is implanted) can accurately be determined by locating theposition on the specimen's skin that corresponds to thehighest-frequency audible tone. Additionally, the distance of the PITtag from the surface of the skin (i.e., the depth that the PIT tag wasimplanted) can be estimated from the pitch of the audible tone when thelateral position has been determined.

FIG. 5 shows an example of an audiovisual indicator 110 that can be usedwith either the first or second embodiment locator circuits 30, 70. Theindicator 110 receives as an input a voltage signal (V1, V2, or V3)having an amplitude that is non-linearly related to the distance betweenthe search coil 20 and a PIT tag 12 that is electromagnetically coupledto the search coil. The input signal is digitized using ananalog-to-digital converter 112. The output of the analog-to-digitalconverter 112 is input into a microcontroller 114. The microcontroller114 processes the output from the analog-to-digital converter 112 toprovide a binary output signal that is linearly related to the distancebetween the search coil 20 and the PIT tag 12. Thereafter, a firstoutput 116 of the microcontroller 114 is input into a frequencysynthesizer 118, which converts the output of the microcontroller into asignal that can be used to generate an audible tone. The audible toneprovides distance data similar to that discussed above with respect toFIG. 3. The frequency synthesizer 118 preferably converts the output ofthe microcontroller 114 to one of a multitude of distinct tones (e.g.,one of 48 distinct tones spanning four octaves) that are used toindicate the distance D between the search coil 20 and theelectromagnetically coupled PIT tag 12. One output from the frequencysynthesizer 118 is amplified by an amplifier 120. A second output 122from the microcontroller 114 is used to control the gain of theamplifier 120. The amplified signal output from the amplifier 120 isinput to a loudspeaker 106, which provides an audible tone to a user.

Additionally, a third output 124 of the microcontroller 114 can be fedinto an alphanumeric display 126, which may be but is not limited to a2-line by 16 character display. One line of the display 126 isconfigured to display a bar-graph, which may conveniently contain 48bars for a 16-character display, and another line of the display isconfigured to show a corresponding range scale in, for example,centimeters. The length of the bar-graph increases as the distance Dbetween the search coil 20 and the PIT tag 12 decreases. The bar-graphtype display 126 can provide a user with a visual indication of thevertical position of the PIT tag 12 (i.e., the distance the PIT tag wasimplanted into the specimen) once the lateral position of the PIT taghas been determined, and the inductor L1 in the resonator 32, 78 iscentered above the electromagnetically coupled PIT tag. In this positionthe length of the bar-graph will be a maximum. Of course, other visualdisplay types are also contemplated and capable of being implementedwith the output 124 of the microcontroller 114.

Sometimes a PIT tag 12 is implanted in an area where the specimen's skinis irregular or not generally flat. In such circumstances, it may bedifficult to accurately determine the lateral position of the PIT tag 12using the search coil 20. Instead, a pencil-shaped probe 130 as shown inFIG. 6 may be used to locate a PIT tag 12. The probe 130 is generallyformed from a relatively long and thin cylindrical tube 132 configuredfor insertion into a specimen and having a first end 134 and a secondend 136. The tube 132 may be made of any durable material that will notadversely react with the specimen, such as plastic or stainless steel,and preferably has an outer diameter of about 4.8 mm and a length ofabout 150-200 mm. The first end 134 of the tube 132 is capped by aplastic cap 138, and the second end 136 of the tube 132 is fitted with acable or connector 140 so that the probe 130 can be connected to theprocessing and display unit 18. The interior of the probe 130 has asmall coil 144, which is preferably but not necessarily ferrite-cored,disposed within the plastic cap 138. The coil 144 functions as a searchcoil similar to the search coil 20 of FIG. 1B. The coil 144 can output asignal to the processing and display unit 18 via lead wires 146 andconnector 140 located at the second end 136 of the tube 132.

To use the probe 130, an approximate lateral location of the PIT tag 12is first determined using the search coil 20. A small incision is madein the specimen at this location, and the probe 130 is inserted therein.The probe 130 may then be manipulated within the incision to determinethe shortest distance between the PIT tag 12 and the coil 144. It shouldbe noted that because of the relative size difference between the coil144 used within the probe 130 and the search coil 20, the range of theprobe is less than that of the search coil.

If the orientation of the search coil 20 is fixed relative to theprocessing and display unit 18, it may be difficult or inconvenient toread the bar graph from the display window 24 of the processing anddisplay unit while the search coil is positioned against the specimen.In such situations, a rotatable search coil is advantageous. FIGS. 7Aand 7B show another embodiment of a PIT tag locating apparatus 150including a rotatable coil assembly 152 for use with the circuits ofFIGS. 2 and 3. The rotatable coil assembly 152 has a search coil 20disposed on a first end of the rotatable coil assembly and arotationally symmetrical plug 154 disposed on a second end of therotatable coil assembly.

The PIT tag locating apparatus 150 also includes a processing anddisplay unit 18′. The processing and display unit 18′ includes many ofthe same features as processing and display unit 18, but may alsoincorporate additional features, such as a female connector (not shown)configured to receive the plug 154, connecting the rotatable coilassembly 152 to the processing and display unit 18′.

The plug 154 of the rotatable search coil assembly 150 can be generallycylindrical in shape, and is axially aligned generally along a directionthat is perpendicular to the center axis Z of the search coil 20. Theplug 154, after being connected to the processing and display unit 18′,preferably is freely rotatable about its alignment axis. Thisconstruction allows the rotatable coil assembly 152 to rotate freelyabout an axis that is generally perpendicular to the center axis Z ofthe search coil 20. The rotatable coil assembly 152 enables moreconvenient viewing of the processing and display unit 18′ when scanningangled, irregular, or even downward-facing surfaces of specimens.

It may further be desirable to locate an implanted PIT tag 12 and read atag identification number associated therewith. The signal V2 shown inFIG. 3 has a message which contains a binary tag identification numbersequence along with header information and error-detection bits, asdefined by ISO 11784 and 11785 standards. The signal V2 and message canbe decoded using known techniques.

Referring now to FIG. 8, a circuit 160 capable of FDX PIT tag locationusing the example locator circuit 70, reading a decoded tagidentification number, and automatic detection of the probe isdisclosed. This example generally combines the locator circuit 70 andthe audiovisual indicator 110, and components shown in FIG. 8 aredesignated with the same reference numbers as similar components shownin FIGS. 3 and 5.

As described above, the microcontroller 72 uses the crystal 74 tocontrol a drive frequency selected to match a resonance frequency of aselected

PIT tag 12. The drive frequency of the present embodiment is derivedfrom a timer output of the microcontroller 72. However, other methods ofobtaining the drive frequency are contemplated, such as by using afrequency synthesizer. An output of the microcontroller 72 is input intoa drive circuit 76 that drives a resonator 162 (shown in dashed lines)formed from the capacitor CI and a plug-in coil or probe 164 connectedto the circuit 160 via a socket 166. The output of the drive circuit 76is connected to one end of the capacitor C 1. The other end of thecapacitor C 1 is connected to the socket 164 and the demodulator 86.

The resonator 162 is driven at a particular frequency and with enoughpower to generate an interrogation signal that excites a response fromthe PIT tag 12 when electromagnetic coupling between the resonator 162and the PIT tag 12 occurs. The response signal generated by the PIT tag12 is superimposed onto the interrogating signal across the resonator162, and is demodulated by the demodulator 86. A bandpass amplifier 90receives the output of the demodulator 86 which includes theinterrogating signal as an input, and separates the interrogating signalfrom the response signal, as in FIG. 3. The response signal is providedas the output of the bandpass amplifier 90, and is input into both acomparator 168 that converts the response signal to logic levelssuitable for the microcontroller interface and a peak detector 92. Theoutput of the comparator 168 includes the tag identification numbertransmitted by the PIT tag 12 in its response signal. The output of thepeak detector 92 is a voltage that is related to the distance D betweenthe PIT tag 12 and the coil or probe 164.

A probe detector 170 detects whether the search coil 20 or the probe 130is connected to the circuit 160 via the socket 166. In anotherembodiment (not shown) the search coil may be fixed, as in FIGS. 1A andI B, and only the probe 130 attached using a plug and socket. The outputof the probe detector 170 is provided to the microcontroller 72 so thatthe microcontroller can properly interpret received data.

Additionally, the microcontroller 72 is connected to two switches S1,S2. The switches allow a user to adjust settings such as audio toneamplitude, and display backlight level. The switches S1, S2 can alsocause the locating apparatus 14 to read, store, and display the tagidentification number of a detected PIT tag that is within range of thelocating apparatus. If no PIT tag 12 is within an operating range (i.e.,capable of electromagnetically coupling with the coil or probe 164), theswitches S1, S2 may have the alphanumeric display 126 showpreviously-stored tag identification numbers. Microcontroller flashmemory or an external EEPROM, for example, may be used to store tagidentification numbers and selected audio and/or backlight levels.

The microcontroller 72 also provides an output to a frequencysynthesizer 118 to generate a tone that is related to the distance Dbetween the PIT tag 12 and the search coil 20. The output of thefrequency synthesizer 118 is input into an amplifier 120. Another outputof the microcontroller 72 is fed into a digital-to-analog converter 172.The digital-to-analog converter 172 connects to the amplifier 120, andsets the gain of the amplifier. The output of the amplifier 120 isprovided to a loudspeaker 106, which creates an audible tone as anindication of the distance D between the PIT tag 12 and the coil orprobe 164 to a user. The microcontroller 72 also outputs another signalto the alphanumeric display 126 which can display a bar graph and scalesimilar to that described above with respect to FIG. 5.

Although the location circuits described in these examples have someresponse to PIT tags of a different resonant frequency from that towhich they are tuned, improved lateral position sensitivity and depthdetermination occurs when the location circuit and the PIT tag have thesame resonant frequency. FIG. 9 shows one embodiment of a circuitgenerally designated 180 that can be tuned to either a 125 kHz or 134.2kHz resonant frequency PIT tag, and also can read the identificationnumbers of FDX ISO 134.2 kHz PIT tags. FIG. 9 has similar components ofthe examples described in FIGS. 1-8 identified with similar referencenumerals.

To locate a PIT tag 12, a microcontroller 72 controls a relay RL1 suchthat one end 182 of an inductor L 1 is connected to the voltage Vce andthe collector of a transistor Q1 is connected to node P. Another end 186of inductor L 1 is also connected to the node P, as is one end 188 of acapacitor C1. A second end 190 of the capacitor C1 is connected to boththe emitter of a transistor Q1 and one end 192 of a capacitor C2.Another end 194 of capacitor C2 is grounded. Depending on the frequencyof the PIT tag 12 a user is searching for, the microcontroller 72 mayoperate a relay RL2 such that one end 196 of an additional capacitor C3is also connected to the node P. The other end 198 of the capacitor C3is grounded. Increasing the capacitance by use of the capacitor C3changes the resonant frequency of oscillation of the circuit 180.

A peak detector 56 is also connected to the node P. An output of thepeak detector 56 is input into an error amplifier 58 and low-pass filter60, and the output of the error amplifier and filter is provided to thebase of the transistor Q1. In this configuration the operation of thecircuit is as described in relation to FIG. 2, and the voltage at theend 202 of the resistor R is related to the distance between theinductor L1 (search coil 20) and the PIT tag 12. This voltage isconnected to an analog to digital converter 112. The output of theanalog to digital converter 112 is input into the microcontroller 72,which is controlled by the crystal 74. The microcontroller 72 producesoutputs that are used to generate an audio tone and to drive analphanumeric display 126 as described above in relation to FIG. 8.

In order to read a PIT tag 12 after it has been located, themicrocontroller 72 controls the relay RL1 so that one end 182 of theinductor L 1 is connected to a drive circuit, and the node P isconnected to a demodulator 86. The microcontroller 72 also controls thefrequency synthesizer 118 to output a signal to the drive circuit 76 fordriving the resonator formed by L1, CI and C2 at the predeterminedresonant frequency. The resonator is driven at a power level such thatan interrogating signal is generated and so that a PIT tag 12 willrespond to the interrogating signal when in range (i.e., when the PITtag is energized). The response signal from the PIT tag 12 issuperimposed across the inductor L 1 and capacitors C 1, C2. Theresponse signal, is demodulated and input to the microcontroller 72 asdescribed in relation to FIG. 8. The microcontroller 72 then determines,displays, and stores the tag identification number from the responsesignal.

It should be noted that this embodiment uses the frequency synthesizer118 to provide a timing signal for the driving circuit. This enables thedrive frequency (or a plurality of drive frequencies) to be setindependently of the crystal frequency, but it does require that audiotone indication be turned off momentarily while reading the PIT tagidentification number. The overall power consumption of this embodimentis advantageously reduced, because for most of the time only thelow-powered oscillator composed of Q 1, L 1, C 1 and C2 is operating,and the high power drive circuit 76 is activated only for a briefinterval to read the tag number. Additionally, it should be understoodthat features of the present embodiment can be incorporated into otherembodiments.

Referring now to FIG. 10, an exemplary method 210 of using the PIT taglocating apparatus 14 is shown. The method 210 includes a step 212 ofproviding a search mechanism, such as the search coil 20, adjacent tothe outer surface of the object 16 into which the PIT tag 12 isembedded.

Next, in step 214 the search mechanism is repositioned along the outersurface of the object, and a user notes the indication provided byeither the audio indicator 100 or the audiovisual indicator 110. In step216, the PIT tag locating apparatus 14 is used to identify the embeddedPIT tag 12. For example, the PIT tag locating apparatus 14 may receivean identification number from the PIT tag 12.

In step 218, it is determined if the indication value from the indicator100, 110 is a maximum. A maximum indication value indicates that thecurrent position of the search mechanism corresponds to a minimumstraight-line distance D between the search coil 20 and the PIT tag 12.The indication value is at a maximum value when, for example the pitchemitted by the indicator 100, 110 is highest, or when the display of theaudiovisual indicator 110 indicates the shortest distance, for exampleby showing maximum length of a bar-graph.

If the indicator 100, 110 indicates a maximum value (i.e., if theposition of the search coil 20 corresponds to a minimum distance D), theprocess proceeds to step 220. Otherwise, the process returns to step214, and the search coil is repositioned, and a new indication value isobtained. This repositioning process continues until a maximumindication value is obtained.

In step 220 the lateral position of the embedded PIT tag 12 isdetermined. When the indication value reaches a maximum as determined instep 214, the lateral position of the PIT tag 12 is at the center of thesearch coil 20.

Next, at step 222, the search coil 20 is placed directly onto the outersurface of the object, with the lateral position of the PIT tag at thecenter of the search coil. The distance D between the search coil 20 andthe PIT tag 12, which is the distance that the PIT tag 12 is embeddedinto the object, can be determined based upon one or both of the pitchof the audio tone from the indicator 100, 110, or the display of theaudiovisual indicator 110 as discussed above in relation to FIGS. 4 and5. In this way, a location of the PIT tag can be determined using thePIT tag locating apparatus 14. The lateral position of the PIT tag 12may be marked through the hole in the search coil 20 using a suitablemarking instrument.

While an embodiment of the invention has been described herein, it willbe appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modificationsand combinations of various example components may be made withoutdeparting from the invention in its broader aspects and as set forth inthe following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a handheld deviceconfigured to determine a position of a tag within a body, wherein theposition is determined in response to movement of the handheld deviceoutside the body; wherein at least a portion of the handheld device issized to move in an incision at the determined position of one or moretags within the body, an electromagnetic emitter located at a distal endof the at least a portion of the handheld device, the electromagneticemitter configured to emit electromagnetic energy usable to detect theposition of the tag; and an audiovisual indicator providing an audibleor visual indication of position of the at least a portion of thehandheld device with reference to the tag within the body.
 2. Theapparatus of claim 1, further configured to decode an identifier of afirst tag closest to the distal end of the at least a portion of thehandheld device.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the position ofthe at least a portion of the handheld device with reference to the tagwithin the body comprises one or more of a distance or a direction.
 4. Amethod comprising: moving a handheld device outside a body to identifyan approximate surface position of the body nearest one or more tagsembedded within the body; inserting a probe into an incision at alocation determined based on at least the approximate surface position,wherein the probe houses a coil located at a distal end of the probetransmitting a signal resonating at a frequency of one or more tagswithin the body; and providing an audible or visual indication of probedistance to one or more tags embedded within the body as the probe ismoved within the body.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the probe iscoupled to the handheld device.
 6. The method of claim 4, furthercomprising: providing an audible or visual indication of probe directionto one or more tags embedded within the body as the probe is movedwithin the body.